Earth observation involves the collection of data about the planet's surface, atmosphere, and ecosystems using satellites, aircraft, or ground-based sensors. Satellites equipped with various sensors, such as optical, radar, and infrared, capture detailed images and measurements of land, oceans, and weather patterns. This data is used for a wide range of applications, including climate monitoring, disaster response, urban planning, agriculture, and environmental protection. Earth observation provides critical insights into natural phenomena, helping scientists and policymakers understand changes in the environment and make informed decisions.

Despite its many benefits, Earth observation faces technical challenges such as the need for frequent and accurate data in areas with cloud cover or other atmospheric interference. To address this, multi-spectral and radar-based sensors are often used, as they can penetrate clouds and gather information in various weather conditions. Additionally, the vast amount of data generated by Earth observation systems requires sophisticated data processing and storage solutions. Overall, Earth observation continues to play a vital role in monitoring and managing Earth's resources and addressing global challenges such as climate change and natural disasters.